1930 年,他们翻过山脊发现了一百万人 — HN 聊巴布亚新几内亚
⚑ 政治 / 地缘背景。本文涉及印尼西巴布亚、传教活动与殖民史, 仅整理 HN 公开讨论。
原文概要
来源:HN 热门榜(1103 分, 443 条评论)。原帖是 Substack 通讯”not not Talmud”的一篇长文:why I can’t stop thinking about Papua New Guinea and what I think everyone should know about it。
作者先罗列了一串人们对巴布亚新几内亚的刻板印象:当地人有 4.8% 的丹尼索瓦人(Denisovan)基因;岛上使用的语言接近 1000 种, 约占全球语言数量的 12%, 是地球上语言多样性最高的地方;全国人口到底是 1000 万还是 1700 万没人说得准;直到 1963 年还有部落用弓箭打仗;今天的城市里仍有人互相射箭;首都被称为世界上最危险的城市;当地有食人习俗, Michael Rockefeller 很可能就是被吃掉的——还有传言说拜登的一位叔叔也是。其中最惊人的一条是库鲁病(kuru):一个族群在葬礼上习惯吃死去亲属的脑, 结果染上类似疯牛病的朊病毒, 杀死了大量人口;但在短短几代人之内, 人群中就演化出抵抗这种病的基因突变, 这是人类有记录以来最快的自然选择事件之一。文章还引用了 Jared Diamond 的说法:他认为当地人在基因上比欧洲人更聪明。
作者的真正重点不是这些猎奇事实, 而是一句话:大多数人对”新几内亚是什么”根本没有概念。他偶然读到一本改变认知的书——《First Contact: New Guinea’s Highlanders Encounter the Outside World》, 讲的是 1930 年那次发现一百万人生活在高地的过程。
地理背景是关键。新几内亚岛分两个区域:沿海是疟疾肆虐的河流、沼泽和雨林;高地虽然就在赤道旁, 却有冰川和积雪, 山峰接近 5000 米。1930 年时, 岛屿名义上被殖民——西半部归荷兰(今属印尼), 东半部(今巴布亚新几内亚)归澳大利亚——但外国政府几乎没有实际控制力。高地从未被探索过, 因为从外面看, 穿过疟疾丛林之后, 它像一片永远被云盖住、不可能有人类生存的巨大山脉。当时人们以为新几内亚只有沿海地区, 高地的群山里不可能住人。
1926 年澳大利亚人在新几内亚发现黄金, 开始采矿。为了找更多金子, 一个叫 Mick Leahy 的澳大利亚人一路往内陆推进。1930 年, 他意外闯进高地东缘, 发现那里不是空山, 而是没有疟疾的翠绿山谷, 住着大约一百万人。Leahy 带了高质量的相机和摄影机, 用成千上万张照片和数小时胶片记录了几十万人第一次接触外界的场面。书上还附了 1970 年代对当时身处高地、亲历第一次接触的新几内亚人的采访。
书里最具体的细节包括:高地人起初以为白人是他们死去亲属的鬼魂;为了验证, 他们偷偷观察白人排便、去闻粪便, 最后判断”他们也是人”。澳大利亚人通过当众射猪、放唱片、照镜子、让飞机降落来展示实力。高地人会把澳大利亚人扔掉的垃圾——比如一张家乐氏(Kellogg’s)麦片包装纸——戴在头上当珍贵首饰。为了让高地人见识白人世界的强大, 他们甚至把孩子带上飞机飞到海边, 看完海洋和现代城市再送回来, 好让孩子回去向族人报告白人的力量。
文章认为最有力的一段是”贝壳通胀”。高地人迷恋贝壳, 那是极稀有的物品, 是首领和权势者佩戴以彰显地位的东西, 也是他们最接近货币的等价物。澳大利亚人看准这一点, 用飞机整机整机地运来贝壳, 先换食物, 后来换劳动力。一开始高地人觉得这笔买卖太划算了, 愿意拿几乎一切去换贝壳。但飞机不停飞来, 以贝壳计价的物价不断上涨, 直到一枚贝壳从”让人成为首领和富人”变成几乎人人都有的东西——包括孩子在内, 每个人都挂着成百上千枚贝壳, 贝壳最终一文不值。作者还提到, 有一部用 Leahy 原始胶片和那些采访剪成的纪录片《First Contact》, 可以亲眼看到这些场景。
讨论焦点
「食人」到底有多少是真的
文章里最具冲击力的段落, 在评论区被认真地质询和补充。有人指出这个标签可能被夸大了:
“I have read somewhere that the cannibalism claims are overrated and kind of artificially inflated by the natives. (Most natives are actually Christian.) I have not looked closely into it though.” — karel-3d [c:49709561]
(译文:我在哪里读到过, 食人的说法被高估了, 而且有点被当地人自己夸大了。(多数当地人其实是基督徒。)不过我也没有深入考证。)
多位有直接接触的人证实它曾经真实存在, 但已经结束:
“He said about many of the tribes modernized within a generation or two, and the ones that didn’t still dropped the cannibalism stuff in the 50s.” — sampullman [c:49709764]
(译文:他说很多部落在两代人之内就现代化了, 那些没有的, 也在 50 年代放弃了食人那套东西。)
一位曾在巴布亚徒步、接触过 Korowai 部落的用户给了一段罕见的现场记述:
“the cannibalism stuff was very real at one point, but wasn’t really something they liked to do. It was a matter of fear, superstition and ritual, rather than a method of substance. … if someone got sick, it was because of a witch doctor or someone possessed by an evil spirit putting a curse on them. Only way to deal with the curse … was the find the caster (through torture of course) and kill and eat them. … So while cannibalism wasn’t completely gone at that time, in practice it was then mostly a story to tell curious and generous visitors. The Korowai greatly prefer instant ramen packets in any case.” — Modified3019 [c:49709974]
(译文:食人这件事一度非常真实, 但并不是他们喜欢做的事。它关乎恐惧、迷信和仪式, 而不是获取食物的方式。……如果谁生病了, 那是因为巫医或某个被恶灵附身的人对他下了诅咒。处理诅咒的唯一办法……就是找出施咒者(当然是通过拷问), 然后杀掉并吃掉他。……所以在我去的时候, 食人虽未完全消失, 但实际上更多是用来讲给好奇又大方的游客听的故事。无论如何, Korowai 人更喜欢方便面。)
传教士:救人的手,还是殖民的手
一段关于丛林飞行员(MAF, Mission Aviation Fellowship)的视频引出了整场讨论里最激烈的伦理交锋:
“the MAF is a highly questionable organization that exists specifically to convert the local people away from their own belief systems into whatever brand of evangelical Christianity its supporters are peddling. … It’s morally indefensible in my opinion for a bunch of random people from many thousands of km away to go off to some pre-technology rural villagers’ home territory and basically say "everything you believe is wrong, here’s our god, you must follow and believe in him or you’re going to hell".” — walrus01 [c:49710529]
(译文:MAF 是个很有问题的组织, 它的存在就是为了把当地人从自己的信仰里拉出来, 改信其支持者推销的某种福音派基督教。……在我看来, 一群从几千公里外来的陌生人, 跑到技术尚处前现代的乡村村民家门口, 说”你信的一切都是错的, 这是我们的神, 你必须追随他、信仰他, 否则下地狱”——这在道德上站不住脚。)
立刻有人反驳:在正在发生的灾难面前, 动机没那么重要。
“At this stage in the ecocide and genocide of West Papua, any eyes are welcome no matter what their biases. If they want to convert people to their belief system, honestly I couldn’t care right now as long as they protect the indigenous West Papuans from being genocided by Prabowo and his cronies and the beautiful ecology of the island from being ecocided.” — papua_is_being_ [c:49710867]
(译文:在西巴布亚正经历生态灭绝和种族灭绝的当下, 任何关注都是欢迎的, 不管他们有什么偏见。如果他们想让人改信, 老实说我现在根本不在乎——只要他们能保护西巴布亚原住民不被 Prabowo 和他那帮人种族灭绝, 保护岛上美丽的生态不被生态灭绝。)
“If there is no funding for helping the people coming from the non evangelical sources, i’m sure the people would rather have medicine than keep dying, no matter the indoctrination they receive” — desterothx [c:49710888]
(译文:如果没有非福音派来源的资金来帮助这些人, 我相信他们宁可要药、不要继续死, 无论会接受什么样的灌输。)
也有人把焦点放在权力落差本身:
“there is a massive imbalance of power between white missionaries with the trappings of the modern world and indigenous people.” — hermitcrab [c:49712532]
(译文:带着现代世界全套行头的白人传教士, 与原住民之间存在着巨大的权力不对等。)
但也有用户质疑”传教不道德”这个前提:
“But…why? If they are just saying that, why is that indefensible? The villagers’ are free to reject that message (or a more accurate version of it), as are you or anyone else.” — magarnicle [c:49720616]
(译文:但……为什么?如果他们只是说说而已, 为什么就站不住脚?村民可以自由拒绝那个信息(或者它的更准确版本), 你和其他任何人都一样。)
最尖锐的反驳来自这条:
“Because they never "just say that." Christians aren’t raised to believe that "no" is a valid answer - that means eternal damnation after all. … Food, medicine and other elements of "civilization" are always used as leverage, a means of influence and control, to pacify and eventually convert. Inevitably another "pagan" culture is erased, its heritage and language forgotten, its children indoctrinated … and its people made subservient to Western interests.” — krapp [c:49720836]
(译文:因为他们从来不是”只是说说”。基督徒不是被教育成相信”不”是一个有效答案的——毕竟那意味着永远的诅咒。……食物、药品和”文明”的其他要素总是被当作筹码, 一种施加影响和控制的手段, 用来安抚并最终皈依。结果必然是又一个”异教”文化被抹去, 它的遗产和语言被遗忘, 它的孩子被灌输……它的人民变得臣服于西方利益。)
西巴布亚:一场还在进行的抵抗
文章虽然主讲 1930 年的高地, 但评论区很快把镜头拉回今天西半部(印尼西巴布亚)的处境。
“Indonesia’s dictator Suharto (who was put into power by the US) annexed West Papua in the 60’s on behalf of US corporations. Indigenous groups united together to form the Free Papua Movement (OPM) and wage a guerilla war of resistance. The resistance is ongoing and most of West Papua (which is basically a colony) and PNG (which is basically a banana republic) want reunification” — culi [c:49709876]
(译文:印尼独裁者苏哈托(由美国扶上台)在 60 年代代表美国企业吞并了西巴布亚。原住民群体联合起来组成自由巴布亚运动(OPM), 打了一场游击抵抗战。抵抗至今仍在继续, 大多数西巴布亚人(那基本上是一块殖民地)和巴布亚新几内亚人(那基本上是个香蕉共和国)都希望重新统一。)
有人补充了苏哈托上台的历史背景, 并推荐纪录片《The Act of Killing》(讲述一位在 1960 年代受苏哈托政权许可、参与屠杀”共产党人”的人):
“the 1965 coup attempt that got him into power was a surprise even to the US embassy in Jakarta, but of course they welcomed it, considering the previous president (Sukarno) was anti-imperialist and was flirting with the 3rd largest communist party in the world.” — netsharc [c:49709947]
(译文:1965 年那场让他上台的政变企图, 连美国驻雅加达大使馆都觉得意外, 但他们当然欢迎——毕竟前总统苏加诺是反帝国主义的, 还在跟世界第三大共产党眉来眼去。)
对这部纪录片, 回应很沉重:
“I hear ‘The Act of Killing’ is an amazing film. But I am not sure if I can bring myself to watch it.” — hermitcrab [c:49709978]
(译文:我听说《The Act of Killing》是一部了不起的片子。但我不确定自己能不能鼓起勇气去看。)
“It’s maybe not as bad as you might think. People reminiscing about killing rather than footage of it.” — tim333 [c:49713936]
(译文:可能没有你想象的那么难受。片子是人们在追忆杀戮, 而不是杀戮的影像。)
去 PNG 有多难
文章让不少人动了去一趟的念头, 然后被现实教育:
“Most flights either leave from Australia or Jakarta, they don’t run frequently enough to where you will probably spend the night in Jakarta or Australia in order to catch the flight the next day.” — itake [c:49709582]
(译文:大多数航班不是从澳大利亚出发就是从雅加达出发, 频次低到你很可能得在雅加达或澳大利亚过一晚, 才能赶上第二天的航班。)
“It sounds like it is easy to get to Port Moresby (which is apparently a bit of a dump and very dangerous), but difficult to get anywhere else. PNG has changed very rapidly. Parts of the country were in the Stone Age within living memory and are moving over.” — nephihaha [c:49709602]
(译文:听起来到莫尔兹比港很容易(那地方据说又乱又危险), 但想去别的任何地方都很难。巴布亚新几内亚变化得非常快。这个国家的部分地区, 在活着的人的记忆里还处于石器时代, 现在正在转变过来。)
一位用户吐槽”相对复杂”这个概念本身:
“It seems astonishing to me that a "relatively complex" intercontinental trip these days means "have to spend a whole night waiting for the next flight".” — Sharlin [c:49709708]
(译文:让我惊讶的是, 如今所谓”相对复杂的”洲际旅行, 意思竟然只是”得等一整晚的下一班飞机”。)
不过实际代价并不轻:
“I’m American, so I have to pay $35 every time I enter Indonesia and I’m limited to the number times per year I can enter the country. … 18 hours in addition to the 20 hours flying means you’re losing almost 4 days of your trip just transiting.” — itake [c:49709892]
(译文:我是美国人, 所以每次入境印尼要交 35 美元, 而且每年入境次数有限。……飞行 20 小时之外再加 18 小时, 意味着光转机就耗掉你将近 4 天行程。)
一个程序员的视角:Mount Hagen 是全球网络的终极 benchmark
讨论里最出圈的跑题, 来自一位在西巴布亚高地有服务器的用户:
“We have servers across the world; one in Mount Hagen. It has by far the biggest latency in the world; so I always use it as a "benchmark"; if it works in Mount Hagen, it works everywhere.” — karel-3d [c:49709561]
(译文:我们在世界各地都有服务器, 其中一台在芒特哈根(Mount Hagen)。它的延迟是目前全世界最高的;所以我总拿它当”基准测试”——如果在芒特哈根能跑通, 那在哪儿都能跑通。)
有人追问那是给矿业公司用的吗、当地医院还在不在, 他只能表示这是本地合作伙伴的机器, 不便多说。
弓箭与部落冲突:不只是历史
文章写”今天城市里仍有人互射弓箭”, 有人用亲身经历作证:
“My mother (who is a doctor, although she’s retired now) was part of the medical team who worked on this case … My mother isn’t mentioned in that article, but the "Allan Mason" it mentions is her husband” — skissane [c:49709723]
(译文:我母亲(她是医生, 现在退休了)就是处理这个病例的医疗团队成员之一。……文章里没提我母亲, 但文中提到的 “Allan Mason” 是她丈夫。)
另一位指出这在澳大利亚北领地同样在发生, 并贴出了最近两条新闻:
“It’s ongoing in both PNG and the Northern Territory (Australia). Northern Territory Police are investigating a series of disturbances in Ngukurr after a 14-year-old boy was speared in the back on Saturday afternoon. … Police respond to armed disturbance in Wadeye involving up to 100 people, bows, spears” — defrost [c:49709981]
(译文:这在巴布亚新几内亚和澳大利亚北领地都还在发生。北领地警方正在调查 Ngukurr 的一系列骚乱, 起因是一名 14 岁男孩周六下午背部被长矛刺中。……警方在 Wadeye 应对一起涉及多达 100 人、持有弓箭和长矛的武装骚乱。)
也有人从另一个角度理解这种”原始武器”:
“I’m reminded of why India and China have their soldiers on the disputed border carry poles and clubs. It looks old school, but it prevents clashes from turning into a larger shooting war where everyone’s getting killed.” — mapmeld [c:49711413]
(译文:这让我想起为什么印度和中国的士兵在争议边境上拿的是棍棒。看起来老派, 但它防止冲突升级成一场所有人都会死的更大规模枪战。)
影单:Black Harvest 与 The Act of Killing
文章带火了一波纪录片推荐:
“two great films in PNG are joe leahy’s neighbours and black harvest … really excellent insight into society and values there as it meets capitalism” — mike_tyson [c:49709601]
(译文:关于巴布亚新几内亚有两部好片:Joe Leahy’s Neighbours 和 Black Harvest。……对当地社会与价值观如何遭遇资本主义, 有极好的洞察。)
好评区:这篇文章为什么让人停不下来
评论区基本被一篇”我本来会跳过”的文章征服了:
“This is those articles that I would just skip but I didn’t…very interesting” — cinkhangin [c:49709871]
(译文:这类文章我本来都会跳过, 但这次没有……非常有意思。)
“i opened it and thought "neat, I will add to my reading list" but instead found myself reading and reading until the end. I got really hooked by the shell inflation part” — asimovDev [c:49710364]
(译文:我点开时想”不错, 先加进阅读列表”, 结果一口气读到了最后。贝壳通胀那一段把我彻底钩住了。)
最妙的一条评论, 把高地人的文化趋同翻译成了程序员语言:
“They managed to achieve eventual consistency in a distributed system, thousands of years before we even thought of it.” — kijin [c:49709850]
(译文:他们在一个分布式系统里实现了最终一致性, 比我们想到这个概念早了几千年。)
典型观点一览
| 立场 | 用户 | 一句话 |
|---|---|---|
| 食人标签被夸大 | karel-3d [c:49709561] | 说法被高估了, 多数当地人其实是基督徒 |
| 食人曾是仪式 | Modified3019 [c:49709974] | 关乎恐惧、迷信和仪式, 不是获取食物; 现在只是讲给游客听 |
| 已基本消失 | sampullman [c:49709764] | 多数部落一两代内现代化, 其余的 50 年代也放弃了 |
| 反对传教 | walrus01 [c:49710529] | MAF 的存在就是让人放弃自己的信仰, 道德上站不住脚 |
| 生存优先 | papua_is_being_ [c:49710867] | 在种族灭绝和生态灭绝面前, 任何关注都欢迎 |
| 医疗优先 | desterothx [c:49710888] | 没别的资金时, 人们宁愿要药也不要继续死 |
| 权力不对等 | hermitcrab [c:49712532] | 传教士与原住民之间的权力落差才是问题 |
| 自由选择 | magarnicle [c:49720616] | 村民可以拒绝, 为什么”只是说说”就不道德 |
| 传教即控制 | krapp [c:49720836] | 食物和药品永远是筹码, 文化终将被抹去 |
| 殖民叙事 | culi [c:49709876] | 苏哈托代表美国企业吞并西巴布亚, 抵抗至今仍在 |
| 影史证词 | netsharc [c:49709947] | 推荐《The Act of Killing》看那段历史的另一面 |
| 网络基准 | karel-3d [c:49709561] | 芒特哈根的服务器是全世界延迟的终极 benchmark |
| 弓箭冲突 | defrost [c:49709981] | 北领地警方仍在处理持矛持弓的部落骚乱 |
| 分布式梗 | kijin [c:49709850] | 高地人几千年前就实现了最终一致性 |
总体情绪
评论区的情绪混合了三种东西。第一种是纯粹的智识震动——很多人承认自己本来不会点开这种文章, 结果被”一百万人直到 1930 年才被发现”和”贝壳通胀”这两件事钉住了。第二种是道德上的不适:当文章把殖民者给高地人带来的”文明”细节一条条摊开, 那种用镜子、飞机和整机贝壳完成的征服, 比任何战争描述都更让人不安。第三种是当下政治的愤怒——讨论从 1930 年的高地滑向今天的西巴布亚, “genocide”、”ecocide”、”colony”这些词在评论区反复出现, 提醒读者这段历史没有结束。
最能代表这种情绪落差的, 可能是那个把”最终一致性”当作赞美的程序员——他用自己最熟悉的术语, 去描述一群从未见过金属货币的人如何在没有统一政权的情况下趋同出一套文化。这句话之所以能得到高赞, 是因为它同时说了两件事:那个世界比我们想象的更智慧, 而我们用来理解它的语言, 又贫乏得只剩下代码。
引用帖子
| # | 标题 | URL |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I can’t stop thinking about Papua New Guinea | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49708431 |
免责声明
本摘要由 AI 模型辅助生成:deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash